The nuclear cooperation agreement between the United States and Saudi Arabia was submitted to Congress on August 24, 2026. This action initiated the 90-day review process in Congress and sparked new discussions regarding the appropriate approach to international nuclear trade. It appears that this agreement has significant improvements compared to previously released information. Although concerns such as the possibility of Saudi cheating and issues related to the establishment of new preconditions still exist, the provisions of the new agreement offer positive points regarding the reduction of inherent risks in nuclear trade.
Uranium Enrichment Management
The issue of uranium enrichment has been reasonably managed. Reports indicate that the United States and Saudi Arabia have agreed to conduct a study on uranium enrichment, and based on its results, Saudi Arabia may immediately begin enrichment or do so independently or with other partners after a suspension period. The official text of the agreement defines this study to include economic issues and the impact of Saudi enrichment on U.S. national interests and the risks of nuclear weapons proliferation. This means that Saudi Arabia cannot effectively produce large amounts of raw materials for enrichment that could assist covert projects.
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Legal Barriers and International Oversight
The agreement explicitly prohibits the transfer of sensitive information to Saudi Arabia. This also leads to the establishment of a strong legal barrier against the type of information that may be transferred to Saudi Arabia. The United States also plays a key role in Saudi Arabia's nuclear program by exercising veto power over its nuclear projects. Although Saudi Arabia has refrained from accepting an additional protocol that provides an advanced inspection regime, it has accepted some aspects of this protocol through agreements made with the United States. This indicates a gradual movement by Saudi Arabia towards greater transparency and cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Ultimately, while this agreement still carries some risks, it has generally improved and can help reduce concerns about the proliferation of nuclear weapons in the region. However, oversight and transparency in the implementation of this agreement will be key to its success.
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